Some of the resources below require a PLNU OneLogin to access. Many of these resources are on housing discrimination, but several cover different topics. For help accessing a resource, contact Librarian Robin Lang:
Encyclopedia Articles:
Peer-reviewed Journal Articles:
Search Tips: If you find a good article on your topic, use the 'citation mining' technique. Search the references section for other relevant articles on your topic, then track them down using library resources. Contact librarian Robin Lang for help at rlang@pointloma.edu. When in library databases, also pay attention the the subject terms that tag each article; these are hyperlinked and will pull in more articles on that topic.
Websites and Newspaper Articles:
These ebooks are available through Ryan Library and require a PLNU OneLogin.
Use the search terms below to find resources on the topic of architecture and it's sub-topics such as housing discrimination in American history. Considering using the below search terms in several different library databases and the library's catalog, to learn more:
Irving Gill, 1870-1936
May, Cliff
Williams, Paul (architect) AND Williams, Paul R., 1894-1980
Sessions, Kate Olivia, 1857-1940
Parsons, Samuel, 1844-1923
Landscape architecture
Morgan, Julia, 1872-1957
Architecture California
Women Architects
Ranch House
Architecture, Modern 20th Century
Ranch Houses California, Southern
Architecture and Climate
eminent domain
HOUSING discrimination
Race discrimination in housing
Fair Housing Act of 1968 (U.S.)
Covenants (Law)
Deeds (Law)
REAL covenants
This redlining map for the City of San Diego from 1935 shows 'grades' given to neighborhoods based on perceived risks to banks offering mortgages. Typically, banks would not lend to homebuyers trying to purchase properties in the 'red' neighborhoods and Black homebuyers, and other people of color, were prevented from obtaining mortgages for properties in 'green' neighborhoods.
The website Mapping Inequality allows you to zoom into different regions in the country to view redlining maps for different municipalities. To view maps, visit: https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=5/39.1/-94.58.
(To view a larger version of the map, click on the map below.)
(Nelson, R. K., Winling, L., Marciano, R., & Connolly, N. (1935). Street map of the City of San Diego. Mapping Inequality. https://s3.amazonaws.com/holc/tiles/CA/SanDiego/1938/holc-scan.jpg)
Racial covenants are restrictive clauses added to original land grant deeds prohibiting certain people from purchasing the property, and in some cases, even residing on the property, unless as a hired employee. Racial covenants were outlawed by the Supreme Court in 1948, but were never officially removed from grant deeds and some grant deeds after 1948 continued to include them.
To see an example of a racial clause on a land grant deed in San Diego County, see: Original 1947 Grant Deed with Racial Clause
From Lassiter, M. D. (2010). Suburbs and politics. In M. Kazin (Ed.), The Princeton encyclopedia of American political history. Princeton University Press.
“By the 1920s, real estate developers and homeowners associations promoted restrictive covenants in most new subdivisions, often specifically excluding occupancy by African Americans, Asians, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, American Indians, and Jews. The NAACP repeatedly challenged the constitutionality of racial covenants during the early decades of the modern civil rights movement, but the Supreme Court continued to permit their enforcement until the Shelley v. Kraemer decision of 1948” .
"Shelley v. Kraemer found that racial covenants violate the equal protection provision of the Fourteenth Amendment, which states 'no state. . . [shall] deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.'”